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Riders to the Sea (opera)
''Riders to the Sea'' is a short one-act opera by Ralph Vaughan Williams, based on the play of the same name by John Millington Synge. The composer completed the score in 1927,〔 Ottaway, Hugh,( "Riders to the Sea" ), ''The Musical Times'', August 1952, pp. 358–360 〕 but it was not premiered until 1 December 1937, at the Royal College of Music, London. The opera remained largely the province of students and amateurs until it entered the repertoire of Sadler's Wells in 1953.〔Chissell, Joan. "(Opera in London: Sadler's Wells – ''Riders to the Sea''" ), ''The Musical Times'', August 1953, pp. 372–373 〕
Vaughan Williams set Synge's text essentially intact, with only a small number of changes. Although the vocal score had been in print since 1936, the full orchestral score was not published until 1973.〔Ottaway, Hugh, ("Riders to the Sea" ), ''The Musical Times'', January 1973, p. 45 〕 The composer Edmund Rubbra has characterised this work as less an opera than a "spoken drama raised in emotional power and expressiveness to the nth degree".〔 Rubbra, Edmund, "(The Later Vaughan Williams" ). ''Music & Letters'', January 1937, pp. 1–8 〕 Hugh Ottaway and Michael Kennedy have commented on musical connections between the opera and Vaughan Williams's later Symphony No. 6.〔〔Kennedy, Michael. ("The Unknown Vaughan Williams" ), ''Proceedings of the Royal Musical Association'', 1972–1973, p. 32 〕 Caireann Shannon has noted that Vaughan Williams deliberately avoided use of folksong in the music, and instead relied on the rhythms inherent in Synge's text for the composition.〔Shannon, Caireann. "The Duty of Words to Music: Ralph Vaughan Williams's ''Riders to the Sea''", ''The Musicology Review'' (2), 2005–06〕
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